[296] Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that "war is cruelty and you cannot refine it" in both the book Wilson's Ghost[297] and in his interview for the documentary film The Fog of War (2003). "[73], Sherman was first commissioned as colonel of the 13th U.S. Infantry Regiment, effective May 14, 1861. [298] The admiration of scholars such as B. H. Liddell Hart,[299] Lloyd Lewis, Victor Davis Hanson,[300] John F. Marszalek,[301] and Brian Holden-Reid[302] for Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled. "[271] He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. [111], During the siege of Vicksburg, Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston had gathered a force of 30,000 men in Jackson, Mississippi, with the intention of relieving the garrison under the command of John C. Pemberton that was trapped inside Vicksburg. [278], Some modern historians have characterized Sherman as a deist in the manner of Thomas Jefferson,[279] while others identify him as an agnostic who accepted many Christian values but lacked faith. After the marriage of their son Charles R. Sherman to Mary Hoyt, they . [75], The engagement at Bull Run ended in a disastrous defeat for the Union, dashing the hopes for a rapid resolution of the conflict over secession. This meeting was memorialized in G. P. A. Healy's painting The Peacemakers. [177] Some abolitionists accused Sherman of doing too little to alleviate the precarious living conditions of these refugees, motivating Secretary of War Stanton to travel to Georgia in January 1865 to investigate the situation. [43], Sherman was appointed as captain in the Army's Commissary Department on September 27, 1850, with offices in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1875, Henry V. Boynton published a critical review of Sherman's memoirs "based upon compilations from the records of the war office". His foster mother, Maria Ewing, was devoutly Catholic and raised her own children in that faith. Sherman, beset by hallucinations and unreasonable fears and finally contemplating suicide, had been relieved from command in Kentucky. His men swore by him, and most of his fellow officers admired him. However, Sherman had proceeded without authority from Grant, the newly installed President Andrew Johnson, or the Cabinet. [130][d], Sherman's Atlanta campaign concluded successfully on September 2, 1864, with the capture of the city, which Hood had been forced to abandon. [211] One of Sherman's tactics was to destroy the railways by pulling up the rails, heating them over a bonfire, and twisting them to leave behind what came to known as "Sherman's neckties". [55], In 1859, Sherman accepted a job as the first superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy in Pineville, Louisiana, a position he sought at the suggestion of Major Don Carlos Buell and obtained through the support of General George Mason Graham. [26], Upon graduation in 1840, Sherman entered the army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Though the commission was responsible for the negotiation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty and the Treaty of Fort Laramie, Sherman did not play a significant role in the drafting of those treaties because in both cases he was called away to Washington during the negotiations. [39] He also opened a general store in Coloma, which earned him $1,500 in 1849 while his army salary was only $70 a month. This country will be drenched in blood, and God only knows how it will end. [188][191], Sherman's military legacy rests primarily on his command of logistics and on his brilliance as a strategist. [93] At Shiloh, Sherman was wounded twicein the hand and shoulderand had three horses shot out from under him. I am not and cannot be. The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. [228] He testified in the trial on April 11 and 13, 1868. ", Sherman to Grant, February 15, 1862, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 4:216n, Sherman to Grant, December 28, 1866, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 16:422. Senator Ewing secured an appointment for the 16-year-old Sherman as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point. Birthdate: September 05, 1855. George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 1516). He had at least 2 daughters with Elizabeth Bell Dyer. [100], In December, Sherman's forces suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, just north of Vicksburg. [15] However, Lloyd Lewis's 1932 biography claimed that Sherman was originally named only "Tecumseh" and that he acquired the name "William" at the age of nine or ten, when he was baptized as a Catholic at the behest of his foster family. [136][137] Sherman left forces under Maj. Gens. [163], Grant then offered Johnston purely military terms, similar to those that he had negotiated with Lee at Appomattox. Sherman's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas involved little fighting but large-scale destruction of cotton plantations and other infrastructure, a systematic policy intended to undermine the ability and willingness of the Confederacy to continue fighting. He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale. [311], This is actually a re-printing of the second, revised edition of 1889, published by D. Appleton & Company, of New York City. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 12 December 1828, in Columbia, New York, United States, his father, Roger Stevens Sherman, was 32 and his mother, Orilla Moses, was 34. The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since, with some claiming the fires were a deliberate act of vengeance by the Union troops and others that the fires were accidental, caused in part by the burning bales of cotton that the retreating Confederates left behind them.[151]. In May 1865, after the major Confederate armies had surrendered, Sherman wrote in a personal letter: I confess, without shame, I am sick and tired of fightingits glory is all moonshine; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies, with the anguish and lamentations of distant families, appealing to me for sons, husbands and fathers tis only those who have never heard a shot, never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated that cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. When he attempted to attack the main spine at Tunnel Hill, his troops were repeatedly repelled by Patrick Cleburne's heavy division, the best unit in Bragg's army. War is a terrible thing! William Tecumseh Sherman described the San Francisco banking panic in his memoirs. Fast Delivery. The Sherman's were well educated and highly cultured by Lancaster standards at this time. He was the son of lawyer Charles R. Sherman and Mary Hoyt both originally of Norwalk, CT. . For further details about Sherman's banking career, see Dwight L. Clarke. [51][52] In 1856, during the vigilante period, he served briefly as a major general of the California militia. Another younger brother, Hoyt Sherman, was a successful banker. When William Tecumseh Sherman was born on 21 August 1874, in St Paul, Neosho, Kansas, United States, his father, Daniel M Sherman, was 55 and his mother, Mary Ann Post, was 24. Although Sherman was technically the senior officer, he wrote to Grant, "I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities [the Confederates] have of concentration by means of the River and R[ail] Road, but [I] have faith in youCommand me in any way. Before the Civil War, however, the more conservative William T. had expressed some sympathy for the white Southerners' defense of their traditional agrarian system, including the institution of slavery. Sherman commanded a brigade of volunteers at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 before being transferred to the Western Theater. [204] When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order, on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women, children, the elderly, and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war,[204][205] Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored, and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to end the rebellion: You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. [223][h], In June 1865, two months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Sherman received his first postwar command, originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi, later the Military Division of the Missouri, which came to comprise the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Sherman excelled academically at West Point, but he treated the demerit system with indifference. [176] Their fate soon became a pressing military and political issue. He steadfastly refused to be drawn into party politics and in 1875 published his memoirs, which became one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War. People Projects Discussions Surnames [l], The gilded bronze Sherman Memorial (1902) by Augustus Saint-Gaudens stands at the Grand Army Plaza near the main entrance to New York City's Central Park. [141] Upon reaching Savannah, Sherman appointed Private A. O. Granger as his personal secretary. [108] The bulk of Grant's forces were now organized into three corps: the XIII Corps under McClernand, the XV Corps under Sherman, and the XVII Corps under Sherman's young protg, Maj. Gen. James B. William was sent to the family of Thomas Ewing, a next-door neighbor who was a U.S. senator and a cabinet member. I know him well. Grant may have had to intervene to save Sherman from dismissal for having overstepped his authority. After Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 4, Johnston advanced towards the rear of Grant's forces. [146], While in Savannah, Sherman learned from a newspaper that his infant son Charles Celestine had died during the Savannah campaign; the general had never seen the child. [220], In this general connection, it is also noteworthy that Sherman and his subordinates (particularly John A. Logan) took steps to protect Raleigh, North Carolina, from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln.[221][222]. [25] About his time at West Point, Sherman says only the following in his Memoirs: At the Academy I was not considered a good soldier, for at no time was I selected for any office, but remained a private throughout the whole four years. Heeding, he would say, "some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat," he made a noncommittal remark. Sherman's nine-year-old son, Willie, the "Little Sergeant", died from typhoid fever contracted during the trip. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman. Upon hearing that Sherman's men were advancing on corduroy roads through the Salkehatchie swamps at a rate of a dozen miles per day, Johnston "made up his mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar". For more detailed discussion of this overall period, see Marszalek. Then, as now, neatness in dress and form, with a strict conformity to the rules, were the qualifications required for office, and I suppose I was found not to excel in any of these. William Tecumseh Sherman achieved the rank of Major General during the Civil War. [135] In response, Hood moved north into Tennessee. Beginning with the battle at First Bull Run, Virginia (July 1861), he led troops through Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Atlanta, the March to the Sea (November & December 1864), and Columbia, South Carolina. William Tecumseh Sherman (/tkms/ tih-KUM-s;[4][5] February 8, 1820 February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. William was born in 1865. His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck and after the battle he was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective May 1, 1862. [154] Having defeated the Confederate forces under Johnston at Bentonville, Sherman proceeded to rendezvous at Goldsboro with the Union troops that awaited him there after the captures of the coastal cities of New Bern and Wilmington. [85] His problems were compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as "insane". Grant, the previous commander of the District of Cairo, had just won a major victory at Fort Henry and been given command of the ill-defined District of West Tennessee. Sherman to Grant, May 28, 1867, quoted in Fellman, Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy, campaign to capture the city of Vicksburg, Commanding General of the United States Army, General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument, "An Unspoken Address to the Loyal Legion", List of American Civil War generals (Union), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Madness, Genius, & Sherman's Ruthless March", "Survey Report: Raised Streets & Hollow Sidewalks, Sacramento, California", "Family Trees of the Interconnected Sherman and Ewing Families", "Department of Military Science: Unit History", "15th Regiment Cavalry Pennsylvania Volunteers: The Fifteenth at General Joe Johnston's Surrender", "Minutes of an interview between the colored ministers and church officers at Savannah with the Secretary of War and Major-Gen. Sherman", "Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi: Special Field Orders, No. He married Emily Cynthia Babbitt in 1854. Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under George Henry Thomas). The first edition was published in 1875 by Henry S. King & Co., of London, and by Appleton in New York. [98] Grant made Sherman a corps commander and put him in charge of half of his forces. "[88][89], After Grant captured Fort Donelson, Sherman got his wish to serve under Grant when he was assigned on March 1, 1862, to the Army of West Tennessee as commander of the 5th Division. [84] In his private correspondence, Sherman later wrote that the concerns of command "broke me down" and admitted to having contemplated suicide. [112], After the surrender of Vicksburg and the re-capture of Jackson, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army, in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers. In his memoirs, Sherman said, "In my official report of this conflagration, I distinctly charged it to General Wade Hampton, and confess I did so pointedly, to shake the faith of his people in him, for he was in my opinion boastful, and professed to be the special champion of South Carolina. Some pro-Confederate sources have repeated a claim that Oliver Otis Howard, the commander of Sherman's 15th Corps, said in 1867 that "It is useless to deny that our troops burnt Columbia, for I saw them in the act. William H. Warner in surveying the new city of Sacramento, laying its street grid in 1848. [110] When Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863, after a prolonged siege, the Union achieved a major strategic victory, putting navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under Union control and effectively cutting off the western half of the Confederacy from the eastern half. According to Liddell Hart, this strategy was most clearly illustrated by Sherman's series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta campaign. 15. According to Sherman's biographer Robert O'Connell, "Shiloh marked the turning point of his life. Supplemental Report Of The Joint Committee On The Conduct Of The War: In Two Volumes ; Supplemental To Senate Report No. (Microfilm Edition) University of Notre Dame Descriptive information at http://archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/html/shr.htm William Tecumseh Sherman (1820 -1891) was one of the most prominent of the Union's Civil War generals and for many years thereafter Commanding General of the Army. Sherman observed but did not join in the religious ceremonies of the Ewing household. Johnston did catch a serious cold and died one month later of pneumonia. W. T. Sherman (1887)[285], In the years immediately after the war, Sherman was popular in the North and well regarded by his own soldiers. Louis. [83] While he was at home, his wife Ellen wrote to his brother, Senator John Sherman, seeking advice and complaining of "that melancholy insanity to which your family is subject". There, Sherman had replaced his army comrade, the co-founder Henry Smith Turner when family matters forced the latter to return to St. Louis. [147], Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia, but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas, destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. He led Union forces in crushing campaigns through the South, marching through Georgia and the Carolinas (1864-65). You are bound to fail. [142] Sherman then dispatched a message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present.[143][e]. [c] He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington about shortages, while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces and requesting inordinate numbers of reinforcements. He told Grant that, if he remained in the army, "some happy accident might restore you to favor and your true place". Copies of Letters of William Tecumseh Sherman in 1859-61 and Other Communications, etc. All other "editions" of Sherman's memoirs are re-printings of the 1889 or, in some cases, the 1875 edition. During this time he was a member of the Indian Peace Commission. [237][238] Sherman encouraged bison hunting by private citizens and, when Congress passed a law in 1874 to protect the bison from over-hunting, Sherman helped convince President Grant to use a pocket veto to prevent it from coming into force. In October 1876, Grant, after issuing a proclamation, instructed Sherman to gather all available Atlantic region troops and dispatch them to South Carolina to stop the mob violence. descendants of West and Central Africans enslaved in the lower Atlantic states from North Carolina to Florida. [178] On January 12, Sherman and Stanton met in Savannah with twenty local black leaders, most of them Baptist or Methodist ministers, invited by Sherman. After the Civil . Ewing was a prominent member of the Whig Party who became U.S. senator for Ohio and the first Secretary of the Interior. "Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." He interrupted his military career in 1853 to pursue private business ventures, without much success. In 1859, he became superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy (now Louisiana State University), a position from which he resigned when Louisiana seceded from the Union. The resulting trial of Satanta and Big Tree marked the first occasion in which Native American chiefs were tried by a civilian court in the United States. Sherman then succeeded Grant at the head of the Army of the Tennessee. He lived in Harvey Township, Cowley, Kansas, United States in 1900 and Oswego, Labette, Kansas, United . [102] Soon after, Major General John A. McClernand ordered Sherman's XV Corps to join in his assault on Arkansas Post. This helped ensure that the Mississippi River would remain in Union hands for the remainder of the war. Critical press reports about Sherman began to appear after the U.S. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, visited Louisville in October 1861. According to Holden-Reid, Sherman finally "had cut his teeth as an army commander" with the Jackson Expedition. Ellen's father, Thomas Ewing, was the US Secretary of the Interior at that time. . Sherman, however, succeeded in keeping his own bank solvent. The Congressional Evolution of the United States Henry Middleton Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. [304] Saint-Gaudens's Bust of William Tecumseh Sherman, which he used as the basis for the larger Memorial, is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. [194], Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of maneuver warfare, also known as the "indirect approach". As with all family trees on this website, the sources for each ancestor are listed on the family group pages so that you can personally judge the reliability of the information. National Archives. Two of his foster brothers served as major generals in the Union Army during the Civil War: Hugh Boyle Ewing, later an ambassador and author, and Thomas Ewing Jr., who was a defense attorney in the military trials of the Lincoln conspirators. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always. In maneuver warfare, a commander seeks to defeat the enemy on the battleground through shock, disruption, and surprise, while minimizing frontal attacks on well-defended positions. The General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument is an equestrian statue of American Civil War Major General William Tecumseh Sherman located in Sherman Plaza, which is part of President's Park in Washington, D.C., in the United States.The selection of an artist in 1896 to design the monument was highly controversial. This appears to have been a consequence of the animosity felt by Union soldiers and officers for the state that they regarded as the "cockpit of secession". The Life of William Tecumseh. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. 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